EU & VAERS Vaccine Deaths & Adverse Reactions

European Union Database Of Adverse
Reactions For COVID-19 Shots: 17,503
DEAD, 1.7 Million Injured (50% SERIOUS)

HAFJuly 9, 2021

by Brian Shilhavy

The European Union database of suspected drug reaction reports is EudraVigilance, which also tracks reports of injuries and deaths following the experimental COVID-19 “vaccines.”

A Health Impact News subscriber from Europe reminded us that this database maintained at EudraVigilance is only for countries in Europe who are part of the European Union (EU), which comprises 27 countries.

The total number of countries in Europe is much higher, almost twice as many, numbering around 50. (There are some differences of opinion as to which countries are technically part of Europe.)

So as high as these numbers are, they do NOT reflect all of Europe. The actual number in Europe who are reported dead or injured due to COVID-19 shots would be much higher than what we are reporting here.

The EudraVigilance database reports that through July 3, 2021 there are 17,503 deaths and 1,687,527 injuries reported following injections of four experimental COVID-19 shots:

• COVID-19 MRNA VACCINE MODERNA (CX-024414)
• COVID-19 MRNA VACCINE PFIZER-BIONTECH
• COVID-19 VACCINE ASTRAZENECA (CHADOX1 NCOV-19)
• COVID-19 VACCINE JANSSEN (AD26.COV2.S)

From the total of injuries recorded, half of them (837,588 ) are serious injuries.

“Seriousness provides information on the suspected undesirable effect; it can be classified as ‘serious’ if it corresponds to a medical occurrence that results in death, is life-threatening, requires inpatient hospitalisation, results in another medically important condition, or prolongation of existing hospitalisation, results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect.”

As we reported yesterday, tens of thousands of people in the U.S. now regret getting the COVID-19 shots, and are begging for help, because the medical system has turned its back on them and refuses to treat their injuries.

One subscriber from the UK commented on the article and stated that the same thing was happening there:

It is exactly the same in Scotland and England.

My vaccinated friends are not getting appointments with their family doctors who are avoiding them post vaccination even although there are no patients in the GP surgery waiting rooms when they have tried to get appointments. It is utterly cruel given they talked them into getting the vaccinations and accepted 10 UK pounds from the Scottish and English governments per person vaccinated on their patient list and did not disclose the risk of these vaccinations to the patients.

A friend nearly passed out close to the GP surgery, a kind stranger wheeled her up to the GP surgery and she was not allowed to be seen by her GP because she did not have an appointment. The nurse refused to take bloods because they are not allowed to do so until management confirms they can do this so they cannot even do exploratory bloods to investigate what has gone wrong with these patients post vaccination.

Another friend’s hospital consultant phoned a friend’s GP insisting her family doctor see her given she had had heart procedures and no appointments for 2 years. She told me after first Pfizer shot “it was like acid going into my veins” and the queen did not get the same vaccine asshe did which will be completely true. Her GP treated her with disdain and was not pleased to see her and my friend also tells me that every time she walks now post vaccination her heart races and her son has been unwell post vaccination too.

All my friends who got the vaccination have had severe worsening of their pre-existing medical conditions and some have got heart conditions they did not previously have or chronic obstructive airways disease.

I have noticed most have became irritable and short-tempered as they are becoming unwell not realising the vaccine is harming them and they are lashing out at others for no good reason.

In UK, NHS contributions are deducted from people’s salaries and the retired paid these all their working life and now are getting refused service but they will still take these NHS contributions regardless. It is wicked and cruel. Though it is the governments who are instructing the GP and hospital management to treat the patients in this abysmal manner.

I am quite sure this will be happening in most if not all countries.

God be with us all.

A Health Impact News subscriber in Europe ran the reports for each of the four COVID-19 shots we are including here. This subscriber has volunteered to do this, and it is a lot of work to tabulate each reaction with injuries and fatalities, since there is no place on the EudraVigilance system we have found that tabulates all the results.

Since we have started publishing this, others from Europe have also calculated the numbers and confirmed the totals.*

Here is the summary data through July 3, 2021.

Total reactions for the experimental mRNA vaccine Tozinameran (code BNT162b2,Comirnaty) from BioNTech/ Pfizer: 8,426 deaths and 632,623 injuries to 03/07/2021

• 17,754   Blood and lymphatic system disorders incl. 99 deaths
• 14,858   Cardiac disorders incl. 1,165 deaths
• 126        Congenital, familial and genetic disorders incl. 12 deaths
• 7,951     Ear and labyrinth disorders incl. 5 deaths
• 324        Endocrine disorders incl. 2 deaths
• 9,319     Eye disorders incl. 19 deaths
• 57,599   Gastrointestinal disorders incl. 388 deaths
• 173,572 General disorders and administration site conditions incl. 2,510 deaths
• 558        Hepatobiliary disorders incl. 33 deaths
• 6,948     Immune system disorders incl. 42 deaths
• 19,780   Infections and infestations incl. 834 deaths
• 7,204     Injury, poisoning and procedural complications incl. 124 deaths
• 15,281   Investigations incl. 296 deaths
• 4,721     Metabolism and nutrition disorders incl. 164 deaths
• 88,638   Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders incl. 103 deaths
• 386        Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps) incl. 26 deaths
• 114,125 Nervous system disorders incl. 902 deaths
• 478        Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions incl. 18 deaths
• 124        Product issues
• 11,148   Psychiatric disorders incl. 117 deaths
• 2,005     Renal and urinary disorders incl. 132 deaths
• 3,597     Reproductive system and breast disorders incl. 2 deaths
• 27,121   Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders incl. 989 deaths
• 30,404   Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders incl. 79 deaths
• 979        Social circumstances incl. 12 deaths
• 392        Surgical and medical procedures incl. 21 deaths
• 17,231   Vascular disorders incl. 332 deaths

Total reactions for the experimental mRNA vaccine mRNA-1273(CX-024414) from Moderna: 4,605 deaths and 157,802 injuries to 03/07/2021

• 2,890     Blood and lymphatic system disorders incl. 35 deaths
• 4,491     Cardiac disorders incl. 503 deaths
• 66           Congenital, familial and genetic disorders incl. 4 deaths
• 1,972     Ear and labyrinth disorders
• 110        Endocrine disorders incl. 1 death
• 2,498     Eye disorders incl. 9 deaths
• 13,626   Gastrointestinal disorders incl. 161 deaths
• 42,716   General disorders and administration site conditions incl. 1,928 deaths
• 269        Hepatobiliary disorders incl. 17 deaths
• 1,349     Immune system disorders incl. 5 deaths
• 4,793     Infections and infestations incl. 259 deaths
• 3,378     Injury, poisoning and procedural complications incl. 92 deaths
• 3,359     Investigations incl. 93 deaths
• 1,616     Metabolism and nutrition disorders incl. 94 deaths
• 19,416   Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders incl. 88 deaths
• 175        Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps) incl. 18 deaths
• 28,239   Nervous system disorders incl. 465 deaths
• 338        Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions incl. 2 deaths
• 24           Product issues
• 3,193     Psychiatric disorders incl. 75 deaths
• 1,061     Renal and urinary disorders incl. 66 deaths
• 723        Reproductive system and breast disorders incl. 2 death
• 7,268     Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders incl. 438 deaths
• 8,400     Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders incl. 32 deaths
• 690        Social circumstances incl. 16 deaths
• 540        Surgical and medical procedures incl. 42 deaths
• 4,602     Vascular disorders incl. 160 deaths

Total reactions for the experimental vaccine AZD1222/VAXZEVRIA (CHADOX1 NCOV-19) from Oxford/ AstraZeneca: 3,871 deaths and 852,616 injuries to 03/07/2021

• 9,950     Blood and lymphatic system disorders incl. 160 deaths
• 13,336   Cardiac disorders incl. 454 deaths
• 115        Congenital, familial and genetic disorders incl. 3 deaths
• 9,712     Ear and labyrinth disorders
• 355        Endocrine disorders incl. 3 deaths
• 14,641   Eye disorders incl. 15 deaths
• 86,515   Gastrointestinal disorders incl. 184 deaths
• 227,408 General disorders and administration site conditions incl. 1,009 deaths
• 607        Hepatobiliary disorders incl. 32 deaths
• 3,359     Immune system disorders incl. 14 deaths
• 19,508   Infections and infestations incl. 247 deaths
• 8,912     Injury, poisoning and procedural complications incl. 94 deaths
• 18,352   Investigations incl. 88 deaths
• 10,315   Metabolism and nutrition disorders incl. 50 deaths
• 131,547 Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders incl. 50 deaths
• 379        Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps) incl. 9 deaths
• 180,575 Nervous system disorders incl. 612 deaths
• 279        Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions incl. 5 deaths
• 117        Product issues
• 16,000   Psychiatric disorders incl. 33 deaths
• 3,045     Renal and urinary disorders incl. 33 deaths
• 8,593     Reproductive system and breast disorders
• 28,994   Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders incl. 447 deaths
• 39,173   Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders incl. 25 deaths
• 866        Social circumstances incl. 5 deaths
• 754        Surgical and medical procedures incl. 16 deaths
• 19,209   Vascular disorders incl. 283 deaths

Total reactions for the experimental COVID-19 vaccine JANSSEN (AD26.COV2.S) from Johnson & Johnson: 601 deaths and 44,486 injuries to 03/07/2021

• 405        Blood and lymphatic system disorders incl. 18 deaths
• 659        Cardiac disorders incl. 73 deaths
• 16           Congenital, familial and genetic disorders
• 250        Ear and labyrinth disorders
• 10           Endocrine disorders incl. 1 death
• 518        Eye disorders incl. 3 deaths
• 4,283     Gastrointestinal disorders incl. 25 deaths
• 11,832   General disorders and administration site conditions incl. 150 deaths
• 58           Hepatobiliary disorders incl. 4 deaths
• 161        Immune system disorders incl. 1 death
• 598        Infections and infestations incl. 16 deaths
• 413        Injury, poisoning and procedural complications incl. 8 deaths
• 2,420     Investigations incl. 39 deaths
• 225        Metabolism and nutrition disorders incl. 11 deaths
• 7,687     Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders incl. 17 deaths
• 18           Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps)
• 9,547     Nervous system disorders incl. 76 deaths
• 15           Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions incl. 1 death
• 11           Product issues
• 459        Psychiatric disorders incl. 5 deaths
• 150        Renal and urinary disorders incl. 8 deaths
• 166        Reproductive system and breast disorders incl. 1 death
• 1,453     Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders incl. 47 deaths
• 1,125     Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders incl. 2 deaths
• 91           Social circumstances incl. 3 deaths
• 393        Surgical and medical procedures incl. 27 deaths
• 1,523     Vascular disorders incl. 65 deaths

*These totals are estimates based on reports submitted to EudraVigilance. Totals may be much higher based on percentage of adverse reactions that are reported. Some of these reports may also be reported to the individual country’s adverse reaction databases, such as the U.S. VAERS database and the UK Yellow Card system. The fatalities are grouped by symptoms, and some fatalities may have resulted from multiple symptoms.

VAERS: Number Of Deaths Reported After COVID Vaccines Jumps By More Than 

2,000 In 1 Week

HAFJuly 10, 2021

VAERS data released today by the CDC showed a total of 438,441
reports of adverse events from all age groups following COVID
vaccines, including 9,048 deaths and 41,015 serious injuries between
Dec. 14, 2020 and July 2, 2021.

by Megan Redshaw

Data released today by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) included 9,049 reports of deaths, across all age groups, following COVID vaccines — an increase of more than 2,000 compared with the previous week. The data comes directly from reports submitted to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

VAERS is the primary government-funded system for reporting adverse vaccine reactions in the U.S. Reports submitted to VAERS require further investigation before a causal relationship can be confirmed.

Every Friday, VAERS makes public all vaccine injury reports received as of a specified date, usually about a week prior to the release date.

Data released today show that between Dec. 14, 2020 and July 2, 2021, a total of 438,441 total adverse events were reported to VAERS, including 9,048 deaths — an increase of 2,063 over the previous week. There were 41,015 serious injury reported during the same time period — up 6,950 compared with last week.

In the U.S, 328.9 million COVID vaccine doses had been administered as of July 2. This includes: 134 million doses of Moderna’s vaccine, 182 million doses of Pfizer and 13 million doses of the Johnson & Johnson (J&J) COVID vaccine.

Of the 9,048 deaths reported as of July 2, 22% occurred within 48 hours of vaccination, 15% occurred within 24 hours and 37% occurred in people who became ill within 48 hours of being vaccinated.

This week’s data for 12- to 17-year-olds show:

• 13,385 total adverse events, including 801 rated as serious and 14 reported deaths among 12- to 17-year-olds. Two of the nine deaths were suicides.
• The most recent reported death includes a 13-year-old boy (VAERS I.D. 1431289) with a previous history of COVID who suffered cardiac arrest and died 17 days after vaccination with Pfizer.Other reports include a 13-year-old boy (VAERS I.D. 1406840) who died two days after receiving a Pfizer vaccine, three 15-year-olds (VAERS I.D. 1187918, 1382906 and 1242573), four 16-year-olds (VAERS I.D. 1420630, 1426828, 1225942 and 1386841) and three 17-year-olds (VAERS I.D. 1199455, 1388042 and 1420762).
• 1,934 reports of anaphylaxis among 12- to 17-year-olds with 99% of cases
  attributed to Pfizer’s vaccine, 1.1% to Moderna and 0.2% (or four cases) to J&J.
• 347 reports of myocarditis and pericarditis (heart inflammation) with 343 attributed to Pfizer’s vaccine.
• 57 reports of blood clotting disorders, 56 attributed to Pfizer and 1 attributed to Moderna.

This week’s total VAERS data, from Dec. 14, 2020 to July 2, 2021, for all age groups show:

• 22% of deaths were related to cardiac disorders.
• 50% of those who died were male, 45% were female and the remaining death reports did not include gender of the deceased.
• The average age of death was 74.7.
• As of July 2, 2,678 pregnant women reported adverse events related to COVID vaccines, including 994 reports of miscarriage or premature birth.
• Of the 4,456 cases of Bell’s Palsy reported, 59% were attributed to Pfizer vaccinations, 39% to Moderna vaccine and 7% to J&J.
• 398 reports of Guillain-Barré Syndrome, with 47% of cases attributed to Pfizer, 40% to Moderna and 19% to J&J.
• 121,092 reports of anaphylaxis with 46% of cases attributed to Pfizer’s vaccine, 46% to Moderna and 7% to J&J.
• 8,256 reports of blood clotting disorders. Of those, 3,959 reports were attributed to Pfizer, 2,699 reports to Moderna and 1,552 reports to J&J.
• 1,796 cases of myocarditis and pericarditis with 1,177 cases attributed to Pfizer, 563 cases to Moderna and 52 cases to J&J’s COVID vaccine.

Pfizer Says Boosters Needed, U.S. Federal Health Agencies, Scientists Disagree

As The Defender reported today, U.S. federal health agencies and the maker of one of the most popular COVID vaccines are publicly at odds over if or when fully vaccinated people will need a third “booster” dose.

Pfizer announced Thursday it will seek Emergency Use Authorization from the FDA in August for a third dose of its COVID vaccine. The drugmaker predicted those who have been fully vaccinated will need a booster shot within six to 12 months of receiving their second dose of the Pfizer vaccine.

But the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) hours later issued a joint statementby the FDA and Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC) saying, “Americans who have been fully vaccinated do not need a booster shot at this time.”

The HHS statement did not explicitly mention Pfizer, but said “a science-based, rigorous process” headed by the CDC, FDA and the National Institutes of Health would determine when or whether boosters were necessary.

Pfizer’s assertions about the need for boosters contradict other research, and several experts pushed back against the claim.

“There’s really no indication for a third booster or a third dose of an mRNA vaccine, given the variants that we have circulating at this time,” Dr. Céline Gounder, an infectious disease specialist at Bellevue Hospital Center in New York, told the New York Times. “In fact, many of us question whether you will ever need boosters.”

John P. Moore, professor of microbiology and immunology at Weill Cornell Medicine, told the Washington Post:

“No one is saying we’ll never need a booster, but to say we need it now and give the public the impression the vaccines are failing and something needs to be done as a matter of urgency. … The time isn’t now. The decisions that are going to be made will be made by federal agencies.”

Pfizer and BioNTech are developing a version of their COVID vaccine that targets the Delta variant, The New York Times reported this week. The companies expect to begin clinical trials of the vaccine in August.

Pfizer and BioNTech reported — based on their own studies that have not been published, nor peer-reviewed, according to the Times — that a booster given six months after the second dose of vaccine increased the potency of antibodies against the original virus and the Beta variant by five- to tenfold.

Vaccine efficacy may decline six months after immunization, the companies said in a news release, and booster doses may be needed to fend off virus variants. The vaccine makers said they will submit their findings to the FDA in the coming weeks, a step toward gaining authorization for booster shots.

17-Year-Old Student Required To Get Vaccinated Suffers Heart Condition

Concerns around COVID vaccines and heart inflammation, especially in young males, continue to circulate. But according to an update posted today on the CDC website, the agency’s researchers have concluded the benefits of the vaccine outweigh the risks of myocarditis after vaccination.

European drug regulators today announced they also have found a “possible link” between a “very rare heart inflammation” and the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, but sided with U.S. regulators, saying they also believe the benefits of the shots outweighed any risks.

Meanwhile, The Defender continues to report on teens who have experienced heart issues after taking the vaccines — including a 17-year-old student who developed symptoms of a heart condition about one week after his first dose of Pfizer’s COVID and subsequently was diagnosed with a heart condition.

The teen’s father, Fabio Berlingieri, told “Fox & Friends” his son had COVID and recovered, but was required to get the vaccine in order to play soccer.

Fox News medical contributor Dr. Nicole Saphier, who appeared in the interview with Berlingieri, said the way the New York Times and the CDC are presenting the data regarding the adverse effects of vaccines in adolescents is “irresponsible.”

“They cherry-pick the way they present the data. It’s an all or none approach. They say either adolescents are fully vaccinated or every single one of them is going to get COVID-19. That’s the way they are balancing it right now,” Saphier said.

Saphier said more weight should be given to potential adverse effects, like myocarditis and other heart inflammation issues, when deciding who should be vaccinated. She also encouraged the FDA to look closer at vaccines before recommending a universal policy.

Hundreds Injured By COVID Vaccines Turn To GoFundMe For Help

As reports of adverse events to COVID vaccines continue to grow in number, those injured by the vaccines are struggling to pay their medical bills.

As The Defender reported July 8, more than 180 people injured by COVID vaccines have had to turn to GoFundMe for help with large medical bills and other expenses, including Emma Burkey — the high school senior who underwent three brain surgeries due to blood clots after receiving J&J’s COVID vaccine.

People facing huge medical bills after being injured by COVID vaccines have few options, beyond what their own health insurance covers. That’s because under federal law, vaccine makers are shielded from liability.

Those injured by COVID vaccines can only file a claim for compensation through the Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP), run by HHS.

Since June 1, the CICP reported 869 pending cases but offered no further information. Since the program’s inception in 2010, only 29 claims have been paid, with an average payout of around $200,000. The other 452 claims (91.4%) were denied. Ten claims won approval but were deemed ineligible for compensation.

Biden Plans To Deploy Federal Teams In Door-To-Door COVID Vaccine Campaign

Making no mention of any safety concerns related to the vaccines, President Joe Biden this week announced plans to ramp up the federal government’s efforts to get more Americans vaccinated under a new “door-to-door” program.

As The Defender reported this week, under Biden’s program, the White House will deploy teams of officials from the CDC, Federal Emergency Management Administration and other federal health agencies. Biden suggested the unique door-knocking approach was needed now that “we are continuing to wind down the mass vaccination sites that did so much in the spring.”

Biden said the administration will also “step up efforts to get vaccines to doctors who serve younger people so that adolescents ages 12 to 18 can get vaccinated and — as they go for back-to-school check-ups or getting ready for their physicals they need for fall sports.”

Biden cited concerns over the COVID Delta variant, which he said is more transmissible and has forced some European countries to return to lockdowns. He did not mention any of the safety concerns previously noted by the CDC and FDA, including blood clots and heart inflammation, associated with the vaccines.

Number Of Cases Among Fully Vaccinated Continue To Climb

Reports of COVID breakthrough cases among fully vaccinated people continue to rise, as The Defender reported earlier this week. As of June 28, the CDC reported 4,686 breakthrough cases resulting in death and hospitalization.

Nearly 30 people in Louisiana who were fully vaccinated against COVID died from the virus, according to the Louisiana Department of Health (LDH). Dr. Joseph Kanter, LDH state health officer and medical director, said 27 people between the ages of 28 and 93 have died with COVID more than two weeks after being fully vaccinated.

According to the San Francisco Examiner, more than 7,550 breakthrough cases have been reported, through June 23, in Californians who were fully vaccinated. Most cases were minor, but 62 people died from COVID, according to the California Department of Public Health.

California’s public health agency reported 584 fully vaccinated people had been hospitalized with COVID infection, but hospitalization status wasn’t available for 46% of post-vaccination cases. On July 7, state health officials reported 2,013 new infections among all Californians, including 24 deaths.

According to a report by the Tennessee Department of Health (TDH), breakthrough cases have resulted in 140 hospitalizations and 20 deaths in the state. As of May 1, TDH has not counted all breakthrough cases as the CDC “asked that only severe outcomes (hospitalization or death) be reported.”

123 Days And Counting, CDC Ignores The Defender’s Inquiries

According to the CDC website, “the CDC follows up on any report of death to request additional information and learn more about what occurred and to determine whether the death was a result of the vaccine or unrelated.”

On March 8, The Defender contacted the CDC with a written list of questions about reported deaths and injuries related to COVID vaccines. After repeated attempts, by phone and email, to obtain a response to our questions, a health communications specialist from the CDC’s Vaccine Task Force contacted us on March 29 — three weeks after our initial inquiry.

The individual received our request for information from VAERS, but said she had never received our list of questions, even though employees we talked to several times said CDC press officers were working through the questions and confirmed the representative had received them. We provided the list of questions again along with a new deadline, but never received a response.

On May 19, a CDC employee said our questions had been reviewed and our inquiry was pending in their system, but would not provide us with a copy of the response. We were told we would be contacted by phone or email with the response.

We have contacted the CDC numerous times since and were told nobody knew the specialist from the agency’s Vaccine Task Force who contacted us in March, and our request was still pending in the system. It has been 123 days since we sent our first email inquiring into VAERS data and reports and we have yet to receive a response.

Sources:

https://humansarefree.com/2021/07/eu-database-of-adverse-reactions-for-covid-19-shots.html

https://humansarefree.com/2021/07/vaers-deaths-reported-after-covid-vaccines.html

Article 61 - Magna Carta

The Magna Carta Article 61: states the right to reject what is put upon us. It begins, "Lawful Dissent provides for a simple recourse for the People." Not, "Do not demonstrate or we will teargas, shoot or crucify you." The common law It is very clear: people are allowed to voice their dissent. Rules in Article 61 were made for the people not for the rulers. Citizens have, "The Right to refuse to abide by any Law, Legislation, or other Statutory instrument which has been put in place invalidly by said unlawful government which violates any Constitutional safeguard."

Read full article:

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lawful-obstruction-is-given-right-through-the-guaranteed-freedoms-of-magna-carta-article-61-301166669.html

Universe Is Connected by Giant Structures

 

There’s Growing Evidence That the Universe Is Connected by Giant Structures

Scientists are finding that galaxies can move with each other across huge distances, and against the predictions of basic cosmological models. The reason why could change everything we think we know about the universe.

By Becky Ferreira

The Milky Way, the galaxy we live in, is one of hundreds of billions of galaxies strewn across the universe. Their variety is stunning: spirals, ring galaxies shaped like star-studded loops, and ancient galaxies that outshine virtually everything else in the universe.

But despite their differences, and the mind-boggling distances between them, scientists have noticed that some galaxies move together in odd and often unexplained patterns, as if they are connected by a vast unseen force.

Galaxies within a few million light years of each other can gravitationally affect each other in predictable ways, but scientists have observed mysterious patterns between distant galaxies that transcend those local interactions.

These discoveries hint at the enigmatic influence of so-called “large-scale structures” which, as the name suggests, are the biggest known objects in the universe. These dim structures are made of hydrogen gas and dark matter and take the form of filaments, sheets, and knots that link galaxies in a vast network called the cosmic web. We know these structures have major implications for the evolution and movements of galaxies, but we’ve barely scratched the surface of the root dynamics driving them.

Scientists are eager to acquire these new details because some of these phenomena challenge the most fundamental ideas about the universe.

“That’s actually the reason why everybody is always studying these large-scale structures,” said Noam Libeskind, a cosmographer at the Leibniz-Institut for Astrophysics (AIP) in Germany, in a call. “It’s a way of probing and constraining the laws of gravity and the nature of matter, dark matter, dark energy, and the universe.”

Why are distant galaxies moving in unison?

Galaxies tend to form gravitationally bound clusters that belong to even larger superclusters. Earth’s long-form cosmic address, for instance, would have to note that the Milky Way is part of the Local Group, a gang of several dozen galaxies. The Local Group is inside the Virgo supercluster, containing more than 1,000 galaxies.

On these more “local” scales, galaxies frequently mess with each other’s spins, shapes, and angular velocities. Sometimes, one galaxy even eats another, an event known as galactic cannibalism. But some galaxies show dynamic links across distances too great to be explained by their individual gravitational fields.

For instance, a study published in The Astrophysical Journal in October found that hundreds of galaxies were rotating in sync with the motions of galaxies that were tens of millions of light years away.

“This discovery is quite new and unexpected,” said lead author Joon Hyeop Lee, an astronomer at the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, in an email. “I have never seen any previous report of observations or any prediction from numerical simulations, exactly related to this phenomenon.”

Lee and his colleagues studied 445 galaxies within 400 million light years of Earth, and noticed that many of the ones rotating in a direction toward Earth had neighbors that were moving toward Earth, while those that were rotating in the opposite direction had neighbors moving away from Earth.

“The observed coherence must have some relationship with large-scale structures, because it is impossible that the galaxies separated by six megaparsecs [roughly 20 million light years] directly interact with each other,” Lee said.

Lee and his colleagues suggest that the synchronized galaxies may be embedded along the same large-scale structure, which is very slowly rotating in a counter-clockwise direction. That underlying dynamic could cause the kind of coherence between the rotation of the studied galaxies and the motions of their neighbors, though he cautioned that it will take a lot more research to corroborate his team’s findings and conclusions.

While this particular iteration of weirdly synced up galaxies is novel, scientists have observed odd coherences between galaxies at even more mind-boggling distances. In 2014, a team observed curious alignments of supermassive black holes at the cores of quasars, which are ancient ultra-luminous galaxies, that stretch across billions of light years.

Led by Damien Hutsemékers, an astronomer at the University of Liège in Belgium, the researchers were able to observe this eerie synchronicity by watching the universe when it was only a few billion years old, using the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. The observations recorded the polarization of light from nearly 100 quasars, which the team then used to reconstruct the geometry and alignment of the black holes at their cores. The results showed that the rotation axes of 19 quasars in this group were parallel, despite the fact that they were separated by several billion light years.

The discovery, which was published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, is an indicator that large-scale structures influenced the dynamics of galaxies across vast distances in the early universe.

“Galaxy spin axes are known to align with large-scale structures such as cosmic filaments but this occurs on smaller scales,” Hutsemékers said in an email, noting that theoretical studies have proposed some tentative explanations of this process.

“However, there is currently no explanation why the axes of quasars are aligned with the axis of the large group in which they are embedded,” he noted.

The truth behind synchronized galaxies could change everything

The secret of these synchronized galaxies may pose a threat to the cosmological principle, one of the basic assumptions about the universe. This principle states that the universe is basically uniform and homogenous at extremely large scales. But the “existence of correlations in quasar axes over such extreme scales would constitute a serious anomaly for the cosmological principle,” as Hutsemékers and his colleagues note in their study.

However, Hutsemékers’ cautioned that more of these structures would need to be spotted and studied to prove that this is a serious wrinkle in the cosmological principle. “Other similar structures are needed to confirm a real anomaly,” he said.

For the moment, the dynamics behind these quasar positions are not well understood because there are few observational techniques to refine them. “As far as large-scale alignments are concerned, we are essentially waiting for more data,” Hutsemékers’ said. “Such studies are statistical and a step forward would require a large amount of polarization data, not easy to gather with current instrumentation.”

Future radio telescopes, such as the Square Kilometre Array, might be able to probe these mysterious alignments in more detail.

“One of the great things about science is that you can have a model built with thousands of pieces of data but if one thing doesn’t stick it starts to crack. That crack either has to be sealed or it’s going to bring the whole house down.”

Quasar alignments are not the only hurdles that oddly synchronized galaxies have presented to established models of the universe. In fact, one of the most contentious debates in cosmology these days is centered around the unexpected way in which dwarf galaxies appear to become neatly aligned around larger host galaxies such as the Milky Way.

These satellite galaxies are currently a thorn in the side of what is known as the ΛCDM model, which is a theoretical timeline of the universe since the Big Bang. Simulations of the universe under the ΛCDM model predict that small satellite galaxies will end up in a swarm of random orbits around larger host galaxies.

But over the past decade, new observations have revealed that a huge chunk of the satellite galaxies around the Milky Way are synced up into one tidy orbital plane. At first, scientists wondered whether that simply meant something weird was going on with our own galaxy, but a similar plane of satellites was then observed around Andromeda.

The alarm bells really started ringing in 2015, when astronomers published observations of the same phenomenon a third time around Centaurus A, an elliptical galaxy about 10 million light years from the Milky Way.

This discovery “suggests that something is wrong with standard cosmological simulations,” according to a subsequent 2018 study in Science, led by Oliver Müller, an astronomer at the University of Strasbourg in France.

“At the moment, we have observed this at the three closest galaxies,” Müller said in a call. “Of course, you can always say that it’s only three, so it’s not statistical yet. But it shows that every time we have good data, we find it, so it could be universal.”

In a 2015 study, Libeskind and his colleagues suggested that filaments in the cosmic web might be guiding these organized galaxies, a process that could cohere with the ΛCDM model. Ultimately, though, there’s no conclusive answer to this dilemma yet.

“One of the great things about science is that you can have a model built with thousands of pieces of data but if one thing doesn’t stick it starts to crack,” said Libeskind. “That crack either has to be sealed or it’s going to bring the whole house down.”

The next generation of galaxy research

This tantalizing uncertainty has motivated astronomers like Marcel Pawlowski, a Schwarzschild Fellow at AIP and co-author on the 2018 Science study, to make this problem a focus of their research. Pawlowski is looking forward to data from the next generation of huge 30-meter class observatories that could show whether other big galaxies are surrounded by either isotropic or organized patterns of satellite galaxies.

“What we have to do now is expand our search to more distant satellite systems, and find satellite galaxies as well as measure their velocities,” said Pawlowski in a call.

“The field really advanced because of this debate going on in the literature,” Pawlowski added. “It’s been really good to see how the observational evidence became more and more solid.”

Whether it’s the strange motions of dwarf galaxies in our own galactic neighborhood or the eerie alignment of galaxies over millions or billions of light years, it’s clear that the dance moves of galaxies are an essential key to unlocking the large-scale structure of the universe.

The galaxies we see captured in static positions in beautiful deep-field shots are actually guided by many complex forces we don’t yet fully comprehend, including the cosmic web that undergirds the universe.

“What I really like about this stuff is just that we are still at the pioneering phase,” said Müller. “That’s super exciting.”

Source: https://www.vice.com/en/article/zmj7pw/theres-growing-evidence-that-the-universe-is-connected-by-giant-structures?utm_source=motherboardtv_facebook&utm_medium=social&fbclid=IwAR3mjAlWO_vfsa-2DutBO89U7kH_HmygxhjgUxKokAPrVWB_EXEV0ezW2Cw

NAD+ / What is NAD+ and Why Is it Important?

 What is NAD+ and Why Is it Important?

NAD+ is essential to the creation of energy in the body and the regulation of pivotal cellular processes. Here’s why it’s so important, how it was discovered, and how you can get more of it.

NAD+, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a critical coenzyme found in every cell in your body, and it’s involved in hundreds of metabolic processes. But NAD+ levels decline with age. NAD+ has two general sets of reactions in the human body: helping turn nutrients into energy as a key player in metabolism and working as a helper molecule for proteins that regulate other cellular functions. These processes are incredibly important.

How NAD+ Is Powerful

Open any biology textbook and you’ll learn about NAD+, which stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. It’s a critical coenzyme found in every cell in your body that’s involved in hundreds of metabolic processes like cellular energy and mitochondrial health. NAD+ is hard at work in the cells of humans and other mammals, yeast and bacteria, even plants.

Scientists have known about NAD+ since it was first discovered in 1906, and since then our understanding of its importance has continued to evolve. For example, the NAD+ precursor niacin played a role in mitigating pellagra, a fatal disease that plagued the American south in the 1900s. Scientists at the time identified that milk and yeast, which both contain NAD+ precursors, alleviated symptoms. Over time scientists have identified several NAD+ precursors — including nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside, among others — which make use of natural pathways that lead to NAD+. Think of NAD+ precursors as different routes you can take to get to a destination. All the pathways get you to the same place but by different modes of transportation.

Recently, NAD+ has become a prized molecule in scientific research because of its central role in biological functions. The scientific community has been researching how NAD+ relates to notable benefits in animals that continue to inspire researchers to translate these findings to humans. So how exactly does NAD+ play such an important role? In short, it’s a coenzyme or “helper” molecule, binding to other enzymes to help cause reactions on the molecular level.

But the body doesn’t have an endless supply of NAD+. In fact, it actually declines with age.

But the body doesn’t have an endless supply of NAD+. In fact, it actually declines with age. The history of NAD+ research, and its recent establishment in the science community, has opened the floodgates for scientists to investigate maintaining NAD+ levels and getting more NAD+.

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What is the History of NAD+?

NAD+ was first identified Sir Arthur Harden and William John Young in 1906 when the two aimed to better understand fermentation — in which yeast metabolize sugar and create alcohol and CO2. It took nearly 20 years for more NAD+ recognition, when Harden shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Hans von Euler-Chelpin for their work on fermentation. Euler-Chelpin identified that the structure of NAD+ is made up of two nucleotides, the building blocks for nucleic acids, which make up DNA. The finding that fermentation, a metabolic process, relied on NAD+ foreshadowed what we now know about NAD+ playing a critical role in metabolic processes in humans.

Euler-Chelpin, in his 1930 Nobel Prize speech, referred to NAD+ as cozymase, what it was once called, touting its vitality. “The reason for our doing so much work on the purification and determination of the constitution of this substance,” he said, “is that cozymase is one of the most widespread and biologically most important activators within the plant and animal world.”

Otto Heinrich Warburg — known for “the Warburg effect” — pushed the science forward in the 1930s, with research further explaining NAD+ playing a role in metabolic reactions. In 1931, the chemists Conrad A. Elvehjem and C.K. Koehn identified that nicotinic acid, a precursor to NAD+, was the mitigating factor in pellagra. United States Public Health Service Doctor Joseph Goldberger had previously identified that the fatal disease was connected to something missing in the diet, which he then called PPF for “pellagra preventive factor.” Goldberger died before the ultimate discovery that it was nicotinic acid, but his contributions led to the discovery, which also informed eventual legislation mandating the fortification of flours and rice on an international scale.

The next decade, Arthur Kornberg, who later won the Nobel Prize for showing how DNA and RNA are formed, discovered NAD synthetase, the enzyme that makes NAD+. This research marked the beginning of understanding the building blocks of NAD+. In 1958, the scientists Jack Preiss and Philip Handler defined what’s now known as the Preiss-Handler pathway. The pathway shows how nicotinic acid — the same form of vitamin B3 that helped cure pellagra — becomes NAD+. This helped scientists further understand the role of NAD+ in the diet. Handler later earned the National Medal of Science from President Ronald Reagan, who cited Handler’s “outstanding contributions to biomedical research...furthering the state of American science.”

While scientists had now realized the importance of NAD+, they had yet to discover its intricate impact on a cellular level. Forthcoming technologies in scientific research combined with comprehensive recognition of the coenzyme’s importance ultimately encouraged scientists to continue studying the molecule.

The Nuance of NAD+

Our current understanding of the importance of NAD+ really began in the 1960s. Using nuclear extracts from hen liver, French scientist Pierre Chambon identified a process called Poly ADP-ribosylation, where NAD+ is broken down into two component parts, one of which (nicotinamide) gets recycled, while the other (ADP-ribose) meets up with a protein. This research formed the foundation of the field of PARPs, or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases, a group of proteins that rely on NAD+ to function and perform cellular functions. PARPs are similar to another group of proteins called sirtuins in that they both only function in the presence of NAD+.

Scientists often refer to sirtuins as “guardians of the genome” for their role in regulating cellular homeostasis. Homeostasis involves keeping the cell in balance. Sirtuins are a group of proteins that were first discovered in the 1970s but their dependence on NAD+ wasn’t realized until the 1990s. Elysium co-founder and MIT biologist Leonard Guarente identified that SIR2, a sirtuin in yeast, extended the life of the yeast only when it was activated by NAD+.

“Without NAD+, SIR2 does nothing. That was the critical finding on the arc of sirtuin biology,” Guarente said.

Knowing this created a clear link between sirtuins and metabolism. It also clued scientists in on a crosstalk between biological functions, i.e., that metabolism is intricately related to other biological processes. Additionally, it inspired more research on a topic previously overlooked.

“There are maybe 12,000 papers on sirtuins now. At the time we discovered the NAD+ dependent deacetylase activity the number of papers was in the 100s,” Guarante’s said.

Humans get NAD+ from their diet via foods made up of amino acids that are also precursors to NAD+. However, NR is a highly efficient precursor to NAD+. If NAD+ precursors are different routes you can take to get to a destination, NR is often thought to be the best available route to NAD+.

Scientists worked toward creating a better NAD+ supplement, thinking outside the diet to access it. The fact that NR is thought of as a highly efficient way to boost NAD+ raised the question: We know what NAD+ can do, but how do we get more of it?

The Future of NAD+

For nearly 100 years, NAD+ has been incredibly important, but the gradual pace of scientific research and technological development has only now begun to reveal how it can be utilized.

Knowing the history of NAD+ and subsequent discoveries around the coenzyme has led researchers to explore what the science community can now do with the information. NAD+ has enormous potential and how it will be fulfilled is the most exciting aspect of current research.

A human study from 2017, conducted by Elysium Health, found that daily doses of an NAD+ precursor increased NAD+ levels by an average of 40 percent. Recent studies evaluating the effects of NAD+ precursors in animals show promise, but to date there is not yet evidence that these animal studies can be extrapolated to humans.

Source: https://www.elysiumhealth.com/en-us/science-101/everything-you-need-to-know-about-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-nad